The applications of geopolymers as ceme¬¬ntitious systems are becoming an alternative source of cement daily. The use of potentially suitable aluminosilicate inorganic waste materials incorporated with agro-industrial waste in producing suitable geopolymer binders has been reported. Calcined clay and some agro-waste ash, such as coconut shells, are examples of aluminosilicate materials that exhibit pozzolanic solid activity because of their high silica-alumina composition. The amorphous silica present primarily causes the pozzolanic reaction in properly burned agricultural waste and clay. Based on a variety of available literature on concrete and mortar, including geopolymers synthesized from the by-product and agro-industrial waste and natural pozzolan, a critical review of raw materials and the mechanism of synthesis of the geopolymer has been outlined in this work. Also, a brief review of the durability characteristics of this geopolymer concrete and mortar has been done. These include resistance to chloride, corrosion, sulfate and acid attack, depth of carbonation, thermal performance, Creep, and drying shrinkage.